Coral Cover: Kenya 2024

Shaded value = in the CV mean (shade deepens with cover) Gray italic = shown for comparison but left out of the CV mean: the gold standard (the reference value) and the manually annotated in CoralNet CoralNet benchmark annotations (reference values, not models), Coralscapes (not trusted), and any value that reuses the reference's own data n = frames behind the value — = not run or not applicable (see each region's notes) Site names and method names link out (new tab)

Coral Cover: Kenya 2024

20 sites · 2,317 photos

Gold standard = published values (Environments 12:276, Appendix A) from 2,300 CoralNet-annotated photos. 703 photos also manually scored (via CoralNet).

Site	Date	Headline (site page)	Claude	Gold standard	Manually annotated in CoralNet	CoralNet	DINOv3	Coralscapes v1	Coralscapes v2	CoralSCOP	Mean ± SD of CV	Range
Sandy Patch/Point (Mombasa)	2024-03-11	29%manual	too few photos (n=8)^k,c	29^an=117	too few photos (n=8)^b,c	29^d,en=117	40^fn=117	38^g,hn=117	37^g,hn=117	26^i,jn=110	33 ± 10.0	26–40
Brain Coral (Mombasa)	2024-03-11	27%manual	—^l	27^an=136	—	27^d,en=136	43^fn=137	38^g,hn=137	39^g,hn=137	24^i,jn=125	33 ± 13.4	24–43
MMP snorkel site (Mombasa)	2024-03-14	40%manual	—^l	40^an=54	—	40^d,en=54	54^fn=54	33^g,hn=54	36^g,hn=54	23^i,jn=41	39 ± 21.8	23–54
Diani Beach (Diani)	2024-03-16	35%manual	—^l	35^an=50	—	34^d,en=50	39^fn=53	30^g,hn=53	30^g,hn=53	22^i,jn=35	30 ± 11.6	22–39
Reefolution nursery (Shimoni-Wasini)	2024-03-20	40%manual	—^l	40^an=258	—	40^d,en=258	44^fn=264	32^g,hn=264	33^g,hn=264	16^i,jn=141	30 ± 19.4	16–44
Coral Garden (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	55%manual	44^kn=27	55^an=178	51^bn=27	46^d,en=178	46^fn=179	44^g,hn=179	44^g,hn=179	21^i,jn=150	37 ± 13.9	21–46
Outer Kisite (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	37%manual	—^l	37^an=85	—	36^d,en=83	43^fn=83	45^g,hn=83	44^g,hn=83	17^i,jn=68	30 ± 17.9	17–43
Dolphin Point (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	40%manual	—^l	40^an=108	—	40^d,en=108	42^fn=108	35^g,hn=108	34^g,hn=108	27^i,jn=96	35 ± 10.9	27–42
Kisite National Park-site 4 (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	46%manual	—^l	46^an=71	—	46^d,en=71	36^fn=71	33^g,hn=71	34^g,hn=71	18^i,jn=50	27 ± 12.9	18–36
Lower Mpunguti-site 1 (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	18%manual	too few photos (n=1)^k,c	18^an=36	too few photos (n=1)^b,c	17^d,en=36	37^fn=36	17^g,hn=36	16^g,hn=36	21^i,jn=27	29 ± 11.9	21–37
Lower Mpunguti-site 2 (Kisite National Park)	2024-03-21	34%manual	—^l	34^an=27	—	34^d,en=27	43^fn=27	19^g,hn=27	17^g,hn=27	17^i,jn=27	30 ± 18.2	17–43
Kilifi Bay (Kilifi)	2024-03-26	25%manual	—^l	25^an=134	—	26^d,en=134	31^fn=136	22^g,hn=136	21^g,hn=136	19^i,jn=123	25 ± 9.1	19–31
Bofa (Kilifi)	2024-03-26	32%manual	—^l	32^an=97	—	34^d,en=97	48^fn=104	29^g,hn=104	30^g,hn=104	27^i,jn=87	37 ± 14.8	27–48
Round Reef (Watamu)	2024-03-27	18%manual	13^kn=175	18^an=175	16^bn=175	14^d,en=175	28^fn=175	12^g,hn=175	14^g,hn=175	16^i,jn=16	19 ± 7.9	13–28
Uyombo (Watamu)	2024-03-28	25%manual	23^kn=374	25^an=375	23^bn=374	25^d,en=375	37^fn=374	19^g,hn=374	22^g,hn=374	29^i,jn=24	30 ± 6.9	23–37
North Canyon (Watamu)	2024-03-29	22%manual	—^l	22^an=83	—	22^d,en=83	20^fn=82	15^g,hn=82	15^g,hn=82	19^i,jn=79	20 ± 0.8	19–20
Trumpet Area (Watamu)	2024-03-29	21%manual	—^l	21^an=193	—	21^d,en=193	35^fn=193	21^g,hn=193	22^g,hn=193	21^i,jn=176	28 ± 10.3	21–35
Chipopo (Pate (Lamu))	2024-04-03	13%manual	7.3^kn=40	13^an=40	8.6^bn=40	17^d,en=40	22^fn=40	6.5^g,hn=40	7.3^g,hn=40	12^i,jn=35	14 ± 7.3	7.3–22
Pilot Nursery (Pate (Lamu))	2024-04-03	14%manual	14^kn=21	14^an=21	12^bn=21	19^d,en=21	33^fn=21	16^g,hn=21	18^g,hn=21	11^i,jn=16	19 ± 11.6	11–33
Ocean Trust Nursery (Pate (Lamu))	2024-04-03	29%manual	23^kn=57	29^an=62	23^bn=57	28^d,en=62	40^fn=63	20^g,hn=63	18^g,hn=63	11^i,jn=41	25 ± 14.8	11–40
All sites (unweighted mean)		—	—	30	—	30	38	26	27	20	29 ± 12.9	20–38

Notes for Kenya 2024 (16)

[a] Gold = published cover, Mayfield 2025 Environments 12:276, Appendix A (CoralNet point annotation; denominator coral / (30 − WATER − FISH), unknown points kept); n = photos in the published set. The CoralNet export holds 22,016 of the author's points and 47,644 robot points.
[b] The author's own labels on exactly the Claude frames, all-30 (like-for-like with the Claude cell).
[c] Too few photos (under 10) at this site for a value: not shown and not averaged (photo-count rule: 10 or more photos for a value, 20 or more for a confident one).
[d] CoralNet = the source's Machine suggestion 1 on ALL unedited frames. The classifier was trained on the author's own labels of these same images, so it is circular with the gold standard (not an independent check).
[e] Same measurement as (or circular with) the reference: shown, not averaged.
[f] DINOv3 on ALL unedited photos at the site, coral / (30 − WATER − FISH), unknown points kept.
[g] Coralscapes run 2026-09-18 on UNEDITED originals; site values as on the site pages.
[h] Coralscapes (v1 EPFL-ECEO/coralscapes-vit-b-dpt; v2 coralscapesv2-dinov3-vitb-lora-dpt) is not considered reliable for these photos: shown, never averaged. Area fraction, not a point count.
[i] CoralSCOP = per-frame sum of colony-mask area fractions (zero-filled; overlapping masks double-count), averaged over frames with an ok row. Area index, not a point count: denominator differs from any point-count reference. It is also unstable frame to frame (the same subject has scored 94.1% in one photo and 23.3% in another), and the mask sum overstates cover most on the healthiest reefs.
[j] CoralSCOP full run on the unedited originals (1,444 of 1,450 frames scored); site values as on the site pages.
[k] Claude = blind point calls, 30 CoralNet points per frame, on UNEDITED originals cover = H/30 (all-30, Unk in the denominator; not the gold standard's denominator); batches 1-8, batch 9 caller C only, batch 10 (103 of 109 called).
[l] Not run at this site: none of the 703 Claude-scored Kenya frames is from here (Claude batches 1-10 cover 8 of 20 sites).
Mean/Range: Mean ± SD and Range are over the CV cells that enter the mean (CoralNet where independent, DINOv3, CoralSCOP unedited/edited, Claude). Gold standard, frames manually annotated in CoralNet, Coralscapes and same-measurement cells are shown in gray italic but never averaged.
Headline (site page): the coral-cover figure the site's page, report card and map pop-up print, with its method; it is never averaged into the CV mean.
Methods: Claude (Anthropic); DINOv3 (Meta; paper; used here as the frozen backbone of the in-house classifier); Coralscapes v1 and v2 (EPFL-ECEO; dataset paper, code); CoralSCOP (Zheng et al., CVPR 2024); CoralNet.
Sites: names drop the region prefix (hover for the full name) and link to the site's CRD page, or to the regional summary page where the site has none. Date = survey date from the map pins (first–last visit); sites are listed earliest first, undated sites last.

All regions